ATP Lab stage illustration Current stage illustration. Stages animate the steps of cellular respiration from glucose entry through electron transport and ATP synthesis. Plasma membrane Mitochondrion (next stage) Glucose -ATP -ATP split +NADH +ATP +ATP Pyruvate Net per glucose: +2 ATP, +2 NADH Inner membrane Matrix Pyruvate carrier pyruvate Acetyl-CoA → Krebs CO₂ Pyruvate dehydrogenase (needs B1, B5) Per glucose: 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH Matrix Acetyl-CoA in Citrate Isocitrate α-KG (needs B1) Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate OAA CO₂ (×2 per turn) GTP (=ATP) FADH₂ Per turn: +3 NADH, +1 FADH₂, +1 GTP, 2 CO₂ Electron-carrier pool NADH + FADH₂ → to Stage 4 Intermembrane space (proton gradient builds here) Inner membrane Matrix I NADH→Q II FADH₂→Q III Q→cyt c IV →O₂→H₂O Tap a complex for its cofactors Coenzyme Q (CoQ10) Cytochrome c + + + O₂ H₂O NADH FADH₂ +++ +++ +++ +++ Follow one electron Intermembrane space (proton-rich) ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ Matrix ATP synthase + + + ADP + Pi ATP out About 30 ATP per glucose, aerobic Glucose in Mitochondrion ATP out From food to ATP: about 30 per glucose Stalled: this stage cannot run
Key Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH FADH₂ CoQ Electron +H⁺ (proton) O₂ CO₂ ATP / GTP

Glycolysis

In the cytoplasm. Where glucose becomes pyruvate.

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